There are many neutrino sources in the Universe, either astrophysical or terrestrial, observed in many different processes. The first Grand Unified Neutrino Spectrum (neutrino flux versus neutrino energy, such named recently in [Vit19]) appeared first in 1995 in the book Continue Reading …
Neutrinos are, with the photons, the most abundant particles in the Universe. In the big bang theory (the “standard” model of the Universe), light neutrinos have thermally decoupled from the other forms of matter (quarks and leptons) approximately 1 second Continue Reading …
Since the pioneering work of Bethe and others, it was anticipated that the energy of the Sun was produced in its core by the fusion of hydrogen into helium [Wei37,Bet38,Bet39]. This process is accompanied by the emission of neutrinos, which Continue Reading …
Cosmic rays (protons or nuclei) interact in the upper atmosphere of the Earth. The resulting pions and kaons decay into muons and muon-neutrinos, many of the muons then decay into electrons and a muon-neutrino electron-neutrino pair. All these neutrinos are Continue Reading …
Electron-antineutrinos are abundantly produced by the nuclear fission reactions inside the reactor cores (6 are produced in the uranium fission induced by neutrons [Way48]). A typical ~ 1 GW standard nuclear plant radiates about 5.1020 antineutrinos per second; their energy spectrum Continue Reading …
Geoneutrinos Our great old planet has kept since its birth many long lived radioactive atomic nuclei (238U, 235U, 232Th, 40K). This is what we call “natural radioactivity”. This radioactivity is quite huge but badly known. The power coming from it Continue Reading …
At the beginning of the 80’s, big underground detectors were built to search for proton decay, following the predictions of the grand unified theories. No decay has been observed, but, on the 23th of February 1987, two experiments, Kamiokande in Continue Reading …
Beyond atmospheric neutrinos, produced by the interactions of cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere, it was soon anticipated that violent astrophysics phenomena like active galactic nuclei could produce very high energy neutrinos as well as high energy gamma rays. First Continue Reading …
Neutrino beams From 1959, the proton synchrotrons built in Brookhaven and CERN were able to accelerate protons to ~ 30 GeV. These high energy protons bombarded beryllium targets, producing pions and kaons which subsequently decayed into neutrinos. The first neutrino Continue Reading …
